Izifunda Ziziphi Ezithi Isikhundla Sokuvikela Isilwane Sokuqala?

Ukuthi Utholi Ngokushesha Nokubhalisa Ngokusebenzisa i-AI

Amasimu okukhupha izilwanyana ezingavunyelweyo ayisebenza ngokusebenzisa amasimu okuthola okuhle ukuthola izilwanyana ezingavunyelweyo (UAVs) kabefore kubethe isibonelo sokuthakatha. Ukuthola izilwanyana ngokushesha kudinga ukuprosesa izinyathelo eziningi zokubona, ukuthi kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-radio-frequency, ukubona ngokwesithunzi, nokubona ngokwesithunzi esihlukene ngokushesha kakhulu.

Ukugxila Kwamazinye Amasimu: I-Radar, i-RF, i-EO/IR, Nokugxila Kwamaphiko

Amasimu okukhupha izilwanyana ezingavunyelweyo okuhle ayisebenzisa amasimu amaningi okuthola—angasebenzi noma yikuphi umodali wokuthola kuphela—ukukhupha izilwanyana ezingavunyelweyo ngokuhle ngokwesikhathi esifanayo. Umunye wamazinye awabika indawo eyodwa yokusebenza:

Ngokugcina lezinyathelo, izinhlelo zezinkambo zokusha zifika ekupheleni kwesibonelo sokubona ngokupheleleyo kwe-95% kuzo zonke izindawo—kuso zonke izinkambo ezithile kanye nezinkambo eziphambili—ngakumbi ukunciphisa iziphetho ezingavumelekileyo okuthi zisondela kwezilwane, izinto zokukhula kwezulu, noma ukungqishwa kwe-RF yabantu. Isiprogram yokuquketha izinkambo isihlanganisa amasikhathi, izindlela zokuhamba, nokufana kwezinkambo zokukhanya ukuze yenzelwe isibonelo esinye sezinkambo zokusha esikhathini esinye.

AI Eshaywa Ngokuquketha Kwesikhathi Sokugcina Kwe-GPU Ukukhuluma Ngokusha Kwesikhathi Esingaphansi Kwesekhondi

Ukuphendula ngokusha kwesekhondi kuyisibopho sokusebenza kwezinhlelo zokusha eziyisisekelo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kwe-edge—akuyi noma yikuphi na ukusebenza kwe-cloud. Izinhlelo zezinkambo zokusha zizisebenzisa i-GPU eziyisisekelo ukwenza izinhlelo zokusha ezenziwe kunezinkambo ezingaphezu kwe-100,000 ezenziwe ngokupheleleyo ngokubonwa kwe-drone kanye nezinkambo ezingavumelekileyo. Lezi zinhlelo zikhuluma izinkinga ngokusebenzisa izinkambo eziningi: ukuchaza ukusuka (ukuphakama, ukuvulula), ubuninzi bekhanda, izinkambo zokukhanya zokusebenza kwe-RF, kanye nezinkambo zokukhala kwezinye.

Kubalulekile kakhulu, izinhlayisi zokufunda ngokuzinikela zibuyekeza ubuchule bokuhlinzeka ngomzuzu omkhulu—kukhulula amadholeni amasha amabili nezindlela zokuphika ngaphandle kokufundwa kabusha ngendlela yokusebenzisa umsebenzi. Isithembiso sokusebenza ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokunqamuka kusinika ukusebenza ngokwakhiwe ngaphandle kokunqamuka kwemithombo yamanje noma ukungafihlika kwesikhathi sokunqamuka kwesikhathi sokunqamuka—lokhu kuyisiphetho esibalulekile ngokwale ndlela yokuthuluzela i-C-UAS ephathelene no-NATO STANAG 4703. Lokhu kusiza ekuboniseni imisebenzi yokuqinisa nokwenza izinkokhelo zokuvikela ngaphansi kwe-500 ms, okukhula isikhathi sokuphatha isikhathi esingaphezulu kwe-second ngokwesikhathi esingaphezulu kwe-millisecond futhi kusiza ekuvikeleni ngokwanele emisebenzini yokuqinisa okuphambili noma okuphambili kwe-swarm.

Izindlela Zokuvikela i-C-UAS Ezinikela Ngokuzinikela

Ukuvikela Ngokwelektroniki Noma Ukuvikela Ngokwezinyawo: Izindlela Zokusebenzisa Nokugcinwa

Amaphasisi okusebenzisa i-UAS okunikezwe kakhulu akudinga ukuthi kubhekane phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinkinga nezindlela zokuvikela. Ukuvikela ngendlela elektroniki—kukhuluma ngokuvikela i-RF, ukuvikela i-GPS, nokuvikela ngendlela yecyber—kuvikela amadroni ngaphandle kokuvikela ngendlela yokuvikela ngokwesithunzi, futhi lokhu kuyisifundo sokuvikela kwezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu apho izinto ezihlukene zokufika kuzo ziyathwala isibonelo sokuthi sikhulekile. Ukuvikela kuvikela umkhakha wokusebenza, okuyoba nesiphumo sokuthi idroni isebenza ngokwesifunda sokuvikela noma isebenza ngokubuyela emuva; ukuvikela kuvikela izinyathelo zokuhamba ukuze idroni ibuye emuva ngokuphepha. Ukuvikela ngendlela yecyber kusinika ukuthi sibeke isibonelo esihle kodwa kudinga ukuthi sibeke isibonelo esihle kwezinyathelo zokusebenza futhi kungasekho kakhulu kuma-droni athi asebenza ngokuvikela noma amadroni athi asenziwe ngokuvikela.

Ukubhonta kwesibonelo—ngemithombo yamaphoyisa, amaphoyisa amahlezi asebenzayo kusukela emuva, noma imithombo yamaphoyisa—kunikeza ukubhekana okuphelele kodwa kwenza izinkinga zokubhekana ngokwesibonelo. Imithombo yamaphoyisa iyasebenza kwezindawo eziphakeme kuphela futhi inomthelela wokubhonta okuphansi kubazali abanobuhleli obuhleli noma abanogcwele kakhulu; amaphoyisa amahlezi ayabhekana nezinkinga zokugcina kwezinye izinto kwezinsizakwane kanye nezinkinga zokubhekana nezimthetho; amaphoyisa ayabhekana nezinkinga zokuphatha kanye nezinkinga zokubhekana nezimthetho.

Ukukhetha akuyiyo ukukhetha kubili—kuyiyo ukukhetha kusukela kwezindawo. Izindawo zasezinsukwini, izihlangu zemphoyisa, nezindawo zezigaba zezwe ziyathandaza izindlela zokubhekana ngokwelektroniki ukuze zibe nesikhathi sokuphatha kanye nokubhekana nezimthetho zikaFCC Part 15 kanye nezimthetho zikaITU-R SM.2027. Izindawo zemphoyisa zasekhanda noma izindawo zezindustria ziyathola izindlela zokubhekana ngokwesibonelo lapho izinkinga ziyatholakala—uma ziyabhekana nezimthetho zikaDoD Directive 3140.06 zokubhekana ngokwesibonelo ngaphambi kokubhekana ngokwelektroniki.

Ukubhekana Kwemiphoyisa Ngokwe-AI Kwaye Ukukhetha Kwemiphoyisa Ngokwezokuzenzakalela

U-AI uyakwenza ukulindela okuphambili kubekho ukulindela okuphambili nokuthuluzwa kokulinda. Imodeli yomfanekiso wemvelo yamukela idatha yamasensha okufunyanwa ngokuhlanganiswa ukuze ayiscore yezinkinga ephambili ngokusebenzisa ukuvula, ukuphakanyiswa, ukuphezulu kwesikhundla sokulinda, isimo sokuphambili kwesikhundla, nokuthembeka kwezinkinga zokuphambili (izindlela, izinhlelo, nezindlela zokusebenza). I-quadcopter yokusebenzisa ngendlela yokuziphatha emva kwe-fence yokuqala inokubangela ukuthi kuphinde kubhalwe umthwalo kuphela; i-UAV yokuqala ekuphambeni kwe-substation yamanzi inokubangela ukuthi kwenziwe ngokutshona ukulinda ngokwelektroniki.

Ukukhetha okuzenzakalelayo kwezimpendulo kunciphisa ukulawula kwabantu abasebenzisa isisitembe kanye nokugcina i-ODA loop—funda, qondile, qinisekise, sebenzise—ngu-70%, ngokwesifundo saseNingizimu Afrika saseMzansi weC-UAS. Isistimu isihlanganisa noma isebenza umkhosi wokuvikela okuhle ngokubasede kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile, izinqumo zezindawo zokusebenza ngokushesha (isibonelo, ukuphakanyiswa kwe-RF, imete), kanye nezinkinga zokusebenza eziphambili. Uma izindlela zokusebenza ngemikhumbi ziyagcina—zisebenzisa ukuthandabuzwa kokugcina kwezindawo kanye nokuvikela okufana ngezinye—le sisitemu sokuvikela esibasede kwe-AI, esinezindawo eziningi, isebenzisa indlela eyodwa yokunqoba ekusebenzeni.

Amaphuzu Okusebenza Okuphelele Kwezinkulungwane Zokuvikela Amadroni

Lapha uyavala amadroni imodi kukusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano, amathrikhithi amathathu athi akubonakala ukuthi isikhundla sesebenza: umbala wokubonwa, isikhathi sokuphendula, nokusebenza kokulawula. Lezi zingazibonakala njengamabheku ethethe—kufanele kubonakaliswe ngemizamo emihlukene, futhi kuzoba nezinhlobo zamaphakathi e-urban ezinamaphakathi okubonwa kahle, izikhathi zokuphendula zokuhambisa (0–120 km/h), nokuhambisa ngamathuba amahlukeni (ukuhlamba, ukusuka, ukudlala ngamaphakathi).

Umbala wokubonwa uyadela isikhathi sokubonakala nokwenza isenzo. Noma umkhumbi wokubonwa kuphela unakha ukubona amasethingi ku-10 km, ukubonwa okwesibonelo —akukho kubonwa kuphela—kusho kwi-3–5 km kwezinhlobo zezinkampani zezinkampani eziningi, njengokubonakalisa kwezinye izimboni ezisemthethweni we-EN 50677:2020. isikhathi sokuphendula sisho isikhathi sokuphendula kwezinye izinkampani: kusukela ekuboneni kwesibonelo kuya ekupheleni kokulawula. Izinkampani eziningi ziyakwazi ukugcina ukubonwa nokuphela kokulawula ngama-2–3 sekondi—ngokusebenzisa i-AI yekhompyutha yokubonakala okungafuni ukubhala kwe-cloud futhi ukubhala kwe-cloud kuyakhiwa isikhathi sokuphendula.

Isikhathi sokuphendula sisho isikhathi sokuphendula kwezinye izinkampani: kusukela ekuboneni kwesibonelo kuya ekupheleni kokulawula. Izinkampani eziningi ziyakwazi ukugcina ukubonwa nokuphela kokulawula ngama-2–3 sekondi—ngokusebenzisa i-AI yekhompyutha yokubonakala okungafuni ukubhala kwe-cloud futhi ukubhala kwe-cloud kuyakhiwa isikhathi sokuphendula.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezindlela zokunquma kubonisa iziphumo ezinconywa kwezindawo zokusebenza—akukho zezindawo zokuphatha kwezilaboratori. Kuzo zizindlela ezingenakwenzela ukuthi kuboneke ngokuphathelene nesikhathi, njengokuthi ukuthintana kwe-RF, lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele kubhekwe ukuthi ukuthintana kwezinkampani kuyasebenza ngendlela efanelekileyo kuzo zonke izindawo zokusebenza ezithiweyo; kuzo zizindlela zokuthintana kwe-GPS, lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele kubhekwe ukuthi ukuthintana kuyasebenza ngendlela efanelekileyo, nokuthi kuyasebenza ngendlela esihlukene, ngaphandle kokuthi kuboneke ukuthi kususwa ngendlela engafanele. Ithabuli ezansi ibonisa ukuthi ukusebenza kweminye yezindlela zokunquma ezithiweyo kwezindawo zokusebenza:

Abathengi basebenzi kufanele bafune izirayivisi zokuthi zilungiselelwe ngabantu abangaphandle—njengezirayivisi zase-UK National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) noma zaseGermany BSI TR-03127—kuzonke izinkomba, engakho izizathu zezithuthi zomthengi.

Ukuthi Isikhundla Sihlanganise Ngokwemigomo Yezidrone Ezincongolayo

Imodi yekhampu yezinkundla yokuvikela izinkundla kufanele ibuye kube yilokho okuphambili ngokwemisebenzi yezinkundla ezingenakwazi ukuzibophezela. Izinkinga zaseyisikhathi sena zihlanganisa izinkundla zokugcina izinyathelo zokubhala, ukubhala kwesikhathi sokukhomba kwe-GNSS, izinhlongolwane zokuvikela ezinikezwe ngokusebenzisa i-AI, nokuthulwa kokugqamisa okwenziwe ngokuhambisana ukuze kwenziwe isikhathi sokuvikela isikhathi sokuvikela.

Ukuvikela kwe-EW, Ukuvikela kwe-GNSS, nokukhula kokuvikela izinkundla zokugqamisa

Ukuvikela kwe-EW kubiza ukuthi isistimu iyakwazi ukubaluleka ngokwesikhathi sokuvikela kwe-RF—kuyafaka amaqhebe ase-MIL-STD-461G okukhomba kwe-RF nokukhomba kwe-EMP. Ukuvikela kwe-GNSS kusetyenziswa izinkundla zokubhala (GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, BeiDou) nezinkundla zokubhala zokuvikela ngokusebenzisa i-cryptographic authentication (isibonelo: Galileo OS-NMA) nokusetshenziswa kwe-inertial aiding ukuze kubhekwe ukuthi ipositioning iyakwazi ukubaluleka ngokwesikhathi sokuvikela kwe-spoofing—lokhu kubalulekile ukukhombisa ukuthi ipositioning iyakwazi ukubaluleka ngokwesikhathi sokuvikela kwe-geofencing nokuthi isistimu sifuna ukubaluleka ngokwesikhathi sokuvikela kwe-autonomous response.

Ukuzisa kwezinhloso zokubambisana kufundwa ngemiphumela yezinhloso zokubambisana ephakanyisiwe, okunye nesikhathi esifanayo, nezinhloso zokubambisana zokuphulukisa ezihlanganisiwe. Ngaphandle kwezinhloso zokubambisana zokugcina izindawo ezithile, izinhloso eziphelele zizokwenzela ukuthatha izimboni ngokudlula: indawo engalokho iyakwenzela ukuthi iphulukise ngaphandle kwezinye izinhloso zokubambisana, zonke zizokwenzela ukuthi zizihlanganise ngokuphelele ngokusebenza kwe-mesh networking esihlakaniphiwe ngokuhambisana ne-IEEE 802.15.4g. Le triad yezinhloso—ukuthinteka kwezinhloso zokubambisana, ukuthinteka kwe-GNSS, nokuthinteka kokubambisana okuphelele—kuyisidingo esingafuneki ukuthi sibambisane ngezinhloso eziningi ngokwesikhathi sokubambisana kwezinhloso zokubambisana zokuphulukisa.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Izintechinoloji zini ezenziwa ngokwesikhathi sokubambisana kwezinhloso zokubambisana?

Izinhloso zokubambisana kwezinhloso zokubambisana zisebenzisa izintechinoloji njenge-radar, ukuscan kwe-RF, izikhamera ze-EO/IR, nezinhloso zokusha ukuthi zibambisane nezinhloso zokubambisana.

Ukuhlakanipha kwenza kanjani ukuthi ukubambisana kwezinhloso kwenze kahle?

Ukuhlakanipha kwenza ukubambisana kwezinhloso kwenze kahle ngokusebenzisa i-GPUs ezingeni eliphelele ukuvumela ukuvavanya izinto zokubambisana njengezinhloso zokubambisana, isimo sezinhloso zokubambisana, nokuthi kuyisilingo sokubambisana, okwenza ukuthi kubambisane ngokuphansi kwesekhondi.

Izinguqondo zokuphulukana phakathi kwezinkampani zokubeka izimpawu nezinkampani zokubeka izimpawu zokuziphatha?

Izinkampani zokubeka izimpawu zokuziphatha (isibonelo, ukubeka izimpawu zokuziphatha kwe-RF, ukubeka izimpawu zokuziphatha kwe-GPS) zizimisa izidwaba ngokungathathi isikhundla, ngakho-ke izinkampani zokubeka izimpawu zokuziphatha zokuzithatha (isibonelo, izilashe, iziqhamo) zizimisa isibonelo ngokuzithatha, futhi zinokubika izinkinga eziningi.

Izimboni zokusebenza zokufanele amaphoyisa azilahle ekubhekiseni izinkampani zokubeka izimpawu zokuziphatha?

Izimboni ezingcono ziyizindlela zokubona umgama, isikhathi sokuphendula, nokuthi kuyini ukuthi kuzimise isibonelo. Lokhu kufanele kubhekiswa emazweni okusebenza ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuthi kusenokusebenza.

Izinkampani zokubeka izimpawu zokuziphatha zizimise izidingo zokuziphatha okuchaza izigaba esizimele njengokuthi kuzimise izidwaba zokuziphatha?

Izinkampani eziphambili zisebenzisa izisensori ezihlukaniswe, izichanneli zokubeka izimpawu zokuziphatha ezinokuguqula, nezinhlobo zokuxhumana ezinobubi zokugcina ukuthi kuzimise izidwaba njengokuthi kuzimise izidwaba zokuziphatha zokuzihlukanisa nezindlela zokuziphatha zokuzihlukanisa.